EVALUATING THE EXTENT OF ADOPTION AND INTEGRATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE CONTENT INTO COMPUTING CURRICULA IN HIGH EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN TANZANIA: A FOCUS ON THE DESIGN AND DELIVERY OF ACADEMIC PROGRAMMES
Main Article Content
Abstract
Profound knowledge and skills related to Artificial Intelligence (AI) will be an enabler in promoting product manufacturing and service delivery in the fourth industrial revolution. The fundamental institutions mandated to provide knowledge and skills, such as AI, are Higher Educations Institutions (HEIs). Most HEIs are expected to provide knowledge and skills through the academic programmes they offer. However, the extent of incorporation of AI content during the designing and delivering educational programmes in HEIs in Tanzania is little known. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the extent of adoption and integration of AI content in computing curricula in HEIs in Tanzania. It employed a purposive sampling technique to select ten (10) HEIs. The results indicated that the incorporation of AI content into computing (ICT-related) programmes is low (i.e., less than 16.6% of all total taught modules) at undergraduate and graduate levels, while 60% of ICT-based instructors have only 25% of required knowledge and skills to deliver AI-based modules. Surprisingly finding revealed that no HEIs in Tanzania have designed an explicitly AI-based programme.
Article Details
References
AI News. (2019). Retrieved 16th November 2022, from https://www.artificialintelligence-news.com/2019/05/21/93-of-firms-committed-to-ai-but-skills-shortage-posing-problems/
Aggarwal, K., Mijwil, M. M., Al-Mistarehi, A.-H., Alomari, S., Gök, M., Alaabdin, A. M. Z., & Abdulrhman, S. H. (2022). Has the Future Started? The Current Growth of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning. Iraqi Journal for Computer Science and Mathematics, 3(1), 115–123.
Alan, M. (n.d.). Turing. 1950. Computing machinery and intelligence. Parsing the Turing Test, 23–65.
Barragán-Montero, A., Javaid, U., Valdés, G., Nguyen, D., Desbordes, P., Macq, B., Willems, S., Vandewinckele, L., Holmström, M., & Löfman, F. (2021). Artificial intelligence and machine learning for medical imaging: A technology review. Physica Medica, 83, 242–256.
Bhatnagar, H. (2020). Artificial Intelligence-A New Horizon in Indian Higher Education. Journal of Learning and Teaching in Digital Age, 5(2), 30–34.
BSc (Honours) Computer Science Full-time 2023/24 | Sheffield Hallam University. (2022). Retrieved 16th November 2022, from https://www.shu.ac.uk/courses/computing/bsc-honours-computer-science/full-time/2023
Burgsteiner, H., Kandlhofer, M., & Steinbauer, G. (2016). Irobot: Teaching the basics of artificial intelligence in high schools. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 30(1).
CADOLI, M., & CARIZZI, D. (n.d.). TEACHING ARTIFICIAL IN℡LIGENCE IN ITALIAN UNIVERSITIES.
Chen, X. (2020). AI + Education: Self-adaptive Learning Promotes Individualized Educational Revolutionary. Proceedings of the 2020 6th International Conference on Education and Training Technologies, 44–47. https://doi.org/10.1145/3399971.3399984
Clifford, C. (2018). Google CEO: AI is more important than fire or electricity. 1st February, Available at Https://Www. Cnbc. Com/2018/02/01/Googleceo-Sundar-Pichai-Ai-Is-More-Important-than-Fire-Electricity. Html (Accessed 6th June 2019).
Curriculum Development Procedures – The National Council for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (NACTVET). (n.d.). Retrieved 6th April 2023, from https://www.nacte.go.tz/index.php/curriculum/curriculum-development-procedured/
Dec, G., Stadnicka, D., Paśko, Lukasz, Mądziel, M., Figliè, R., Mazzei, D., Tyrovolas, M., Stylios, C., Navarro, J., & Solé-Beteta, X. (2022a). Role of Academics in Transferring Knowledge and Skills on Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things and Edge Computing. Sensors, 22(7), 2496.
Dec, G., Stadnicka, D., Paśko, Lukasz, Mądziel, M., Figliè, R., Mazzei, D., Tyrovolas, M., Stylios, C., Navarro, J., & Solé-Beteta, X. (2022b). Role of Academics in Transferring Knowledge and Skills on Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things and Edge Computing. Sensors, 22(7), 2496.
Effoduh, J. O. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution by Klaus Schwab.
Featherston, E., Sridharan, M., Urban, S., & Urban, J. (2014). DOROTHY: Enhancing bidirectional communication between a 3D programming interface and mobile robots. Fifth AAAI Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence.
Ferreira, P. C., Bernadini, F. C., da Silva, C. R. C., & Viterbo Filho, J. (2014). How Computer Science Undergraduate Programs in Brazilian Public Universities Address Artificial Intelligence and its Topics. Learn. Nonlinear Model, 12, 73–85.
Grillenberger, A., & Romeike, R. (2017). What teachers and students know about data management. Tomorrow’s Learning: Involving Everyone. Learning with and about Technologies and Computing: 11th IFIP TC 3 World Conference on Computers in Education, WCCE 2017, Dublin, Ireland, July 3-6, 2017, Revised Selected Papers 11, 557–566.
Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2020). Artificial Intelligence in Education.
Iqbal, M. J., Javed, Z., Sadia, H., Qureshi, I. A., Irshad, A., Ahmed, R., Malik, K., Raza, S., Abbas, A., & Pezzani, R. (2021). Clinical applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in cancer diagnosis: Looking into the future. Cancer Cell International, 21(1), 1–11.
Kar, A. K. (2016). Bio-inspired computing–a review of algorithms and scope of applications. Expert Systems with Applications, 59, 20–32.
Koblentz, G. D. (2020). Emerging technologies and the future of CBRN terrorism. The Washington Quarterly, 43(2), 177–196.
Lashayo, D. M., & Mhina, J. R. A. (2021). Antecedents of Instructor Intention to Continue Using E-Learning Systems in Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania: The Influence of System Quality and Service Quality. International Journal of Technology-Enabled Student Support Services (IJTESSS), 11(1), 1–16.
Lashayo, D. M., & Mhina, J. R. A. (2022). Factors Influencing Students’ Continuance Intention Toward Usage of E-Learning Systems in Tanzania: The Hybrid of ECM and ISSM Models. International Journal of Mobile Devices, Wearable Technology, and Flexible Electronics (IJMDWTFE), 12(1), 1–20.
Lin, P., & Van Brummelen, J. (2021). Engaging teachers to co-design integrated AI curricula for K-12 classrooms. Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–12.
Lindner, A., & Berges, M. (2020). Can you explain AI to me? Teachers’ pre-concepts about Artificial Intelligence. 2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE), 1–9.
Lindner, A., Romeike, R., Jasute, E., & Pozdniakov, S. (2019). Teachers’ perspectives on artificial intelligence. 12th International Conference on Informatics in Schools, “Situation, Evaluation and Perspectives”, ISSEP.
Magruk, A. (2021). Analysis of Uncertainties and Levels of Foreknowledge about Major Features of Emerging Technologies—The Context of Foresight Research for the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Sustainability, 13(17), 9890.
McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (2006). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, 31st August 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12–12.
Mir, U. B., Sharma, S., Kar, A. K., & Gupta, M. P. (2020). Critical success factors for integrating artificial intelligence and robotics. Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance.
Mtebe, J. S., & Raphael, C. (2018). Key factors in learners’ satisfaction with the e-learning system at the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 34(4).
Mushi, R. M., & Lashayo, D. M. (2022). E-Learning Readiness Assessment on Distance Learning: A Case of Tanzanian Higher Education Institutions. International Journal of Information Communication Technologies and Human Development (IJICTHD), 14(1), 1–10.
Nilsson, N. J. (1982). Principles of artificial intelligence. Springer Science & Business Media.
Pannu, A. (2015). Artificial intelligence and its application in different areas. Artificial Intelligence, 4(10), 79–84.
Rajaraman, V. (2014). John McCarthy—Father of artificial intelligence. Resonance, 19(3), 198–207.
Rajaraman, V. (2016). Big data analytics. Resonance, 21(8), 695–716.
Sanusi, I. T. (2021). Intercontinental evidence on learners’ differentials in sense-making of machine learning in schools. Proceedings of the 21st Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research, 1–2.
Sarker, S., Jamal, L., Ahmed, S. F., & Irtisam, N. (2021). Robotics and artificial intelligence in healthcare during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Robotics and Autonomous Systems, 146, 103902.
Stewart, J. C., Davis, G. A., & Igoche, D. A. (2020). AI, IoT, AND AIoT: DEFINITIONS AND IMPACTS ON THE ARTIFICIAL IN℡LIGENCE CURRICULUM. Issues in Information Systems, 21(4).
Temitayo Sanusi, I. (2021). Teaching Machine Learning in K-12 Education. Proceedings of the 17th ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research, 395–397.
Thompson, D., Bell, T., Andreae, P., & Robins, A. (2013). The role of teachers in implementing curriculum changes. Proceeding of the 44th ACM Technical Symposium on Computer Science Education, 245–250.
Torrey, L. (2012). Teaching problem-solving in algorithms and AI. 3rd Symposium on Educational Advances in Artificial Intelligence.
Turing, A. M., & Haugeland, J. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, 29–56.
UK, G. (2018). Industrialstrategy: ArtificialIntelli gencesectorDeal. In 2018/ 04/26. Https://www. Gov. Uk/government/publications/artificial intelligence sector.
Venter, R. (2020). Theologising emerging technologies. JA. Van Den Berg (Red.). Engaging the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Perspectives from Theology, Philosophy and Education. Bloemfontein: SUN PReSS.(UFS Theological Explorations Series Vol. 3), 65–78.
Wäldchen, J., & Mäder, P. (2018). Machine learning for image-based species identification. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 9(11), 2216–2225.
Xing, B., Gao, W.-J., Battle, K., Marwala, T., & Nelwamondo, F. V. (2010). Artificial intelligence in reverse supply chain management: The state of the art. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:1012.4046.
Xing, B., & Marwala, T. (2017). Implications of the fourth industrial age on higher education. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:1703.09643.